Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and originates from melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin. Although it represents a small percentage compared to other skin cancers, it is particularly important to know its symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategies, as early diagnosis significantly increases the chances of effective treatment.
In recent years, the incidence of melanoma has increased in many countries, especially among young adults and people who frequently expose themselves to UV rays without adequate protection.
What is melanoma?
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and is composed of three main layers:
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epidermis;
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dermis;
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subcutaneous tissue.
The epidermis contains melanocytes, cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color and tanning.
Melanin plays a natural protective role against ultraviolet rays, but this protection is not enough to completely prevent damage caused by sun exposure.
When the DNA of melanocytes undergoes alterations, these cells can transform and give rise to melanoma.
Melanocytes are also the origin of moles (or nevi), which in most cases are benign but need to be monitored over time.
How common is melanoma?
Melanoma is now one of the most frequent skin cancers in young adults.
According to data reported by the AIRC Foundation, in Italy it represents one of the most common cancers in people under 50. In recent years, the number of new diagnoses has constantly grown, making awareness of prevention behaviors increasingly important.
What are the causes of melanoma?
UV radiation exposure
The main cause of melanoma is excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays.
Among the most common sources are:
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prolonged sun exposure;
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sunburn;
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use of tanning lamps;
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use of sunbeds.
UVA and UVB rays can damage the DNA of skin cells. Over time, this damage can accumulate and promote the development of skin cancers, including melanoma.
Family history and immune system
Certain genetic factors can also increase the risk.
These include:
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presence of melanoma cases in the family;
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high number of moles;
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weakened immune system;
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previous diagnoses of skin cancer.
Fair skin type
People with:
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fair skin;
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blonde or red hair;
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light eyes;
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difficulty tanning;
generally have a higher risk of developing melanoma.
Melanoma symptoms: how to recognize it
One of the most important signs is the appearance of changes in an existing mole or the appearance of a new skin lesion.
The ABCDE rule is often used for skin self-examination:
A - Asymmetry
One half of the mole does not match the other.
B - Borders
The margins appear irregular or jagged.
C - Colour
There are multiple shades within the same mole.
D - Diameter
The diameter generally exceeds 6 millimeters.
E - Evolution
The mole changes shape, size, color, or appearance over time.
If one or more of these signs are present, it is advisable to consult a dermatologist promptly.
How to prevent melanoma
1. Protect your skin from UV rays
Preventing sun damage is the most effective strategy.
It is advisable to limit exposure during the central hours of the day, when the UV index is highest.
2. Use adequate sun protection
Applying a SPF 50 or SPF 50+ sunscreen helps to reduce exposure to UV rays.
